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    The Linux System Administrators Guide
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    Computer Technologies  Operating Systems  Linux  Administration The Linux System Administrators Guide
    The Linux System Administrator's Guide

    The Linux System Administrator's Guide

    Version 0.7

    Lars Wirzenius

    liw@iki.fi

    Joanna Oja

    viu@iki.fi

    Stephen Stafford

    stephen@clothcat.demon.co.uk

    An introduction to system administration of a Linux system for novices.

    Legal Notice
    Table of Contents
    Source and pre-formatted versions available
    1. Introduction
    2. About This Book
    2.1. Acknowledgements
    2.2. Typographical Conventions
    3. Overview of a Linux System
    3.1. Various parts of an operating system
    3.2. Important parts of the kernel
    3.3. Major services in a UNIX system
    4. Overview of the Directory Tree
    4.1. Background
    4.2. The root filesystem
    4.3. The /etc directory
    4.4. The /dev directory
    4.5. The /usr filesystem
    4.6. The /var filesystem
    4.7. The /proc filesystem
    5. Device Files
    5.1. The MAKEDEV Script
    5.2. The mknod command
    5.3. Device List
    6. Using Disks and Other Storage Media
    6.1. Two kinds of devices
    6.2. Hard disks
    6.3. Floppies
    6.4. CD-ROMs
    6.5. Tapes
    6.6. Formatting
    6.7. Partitions
    6.8. Filesystems
    6.9. Disks without filesystems
    6.10. Allocating disk space
    7. Memory Management
    7.1. What is virtual memory?
    7.2. Creating a swap space
    7.3. Using a swap space
    7.4. Sharing swap spaces with other operating systems
    7.5. Allocating swap space
    7.6. The buffer cache
    8. Boots And Shutdowns
    8.1. An overview of boots and shutdowns
    8.2. The boot process in closer look
    8.3. More about shutdowns
    8.4. Rebooting
    8.5. Single user mode
    8.6. Emergency boot floppies
    9. init
    9.1. init comes first
    9.2. Configuring init to start getty: the /etc/inittab file
    9.3. Run levels
    9.4. Special configuration in /etc/inittab
    9.5. Booting in single user mode
    10. Logging In And Out
    10.1. Logins via terminals
    10.2. Logins via the network
    10.3. What login does
    10.4. X and xdm
    10.5. Access control
    10.6. Shell startup
    11. Managing user accounts
    11.1. What's an account?
    11.2. Creating a user
    11.3. Changing user properties
    11.4. Removing a user
    11.5. Disabling a user temporarily
    12. Backups
    12.1. On the importance of being backed up
    12.2. Selecting the backup medium
    12.3. Selecting the backup tool
    12.4. Simple backups
    12.5. Multilevel backups
    12.6. What to back up
    12.7. Compressed backups
    13. Keeping Time
    13.1. Time zones
    13.2. The hardware and software clocks
    13.3. Showing and setting time
    13.4. When the clock is wrong
    14. Finding Help
    14.1. Newsgroups and Mailing Lists
    14.2. IRC
    A. GNU Free Documentation License
    0. PREAMBLE
    1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
    2. VERBATIM COPYING
    3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
    4. MODIFICATIONS
    5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
    6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
    7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
    8. TRANSLATION
    9. TERMINATION
    10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
    How to use this License for your documents
    Glossary (DRAFT, but not for long hopefully)
    List of Tables
    6-1. Partition types (from the Linux fdisk program).
    9-1. Run level numbers
    12-1. Efficient backup scheme using many backup levels
    List of Figures
    3-1. Some of the more important parts of the Linux kernel
    4-1. Parts of a Unix directory tree. Dashed lines indicate partition limits.
    6-1. A schematic picture of a hard disk.
    6-2. A sample hard disk partitioning.
    6-3. Three separate filesystems.
    6-4. /home and /usr have been mounted.
    6-5. Sample output from dumpe2fs
    10-1. Logins via terminals: the interaction of init, getty, login, and the shell.
    12-1. A sample multilevel backup schedule.
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      Source and pre-formatted versions available
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